Automobile Applied Technology

Reasonably Foreseeable Simulation Scenario Generation for Autonomous Driving System

WU Aiwen1 , SUN Tianhao1 , XIANG Xudong2* , SHI Shuai1 , XING Xiaohang1

2026, 51(3): 1-6,22. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.001

Abstract ( )

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Reasonably foreseeable scenario generation is vital for safety verification of autonomous driving systems. To tackle this problem, this study proposes a framework to generate data-driven simulation scenarios. Firstly, data tags are derived from naturalistic driving data set and categorized into four categories: road topology, ego car behaviors, obstacle behaviors and driving environment; Then, logic operations defined upon data tags are proposed to describe formal and machine-readable abstract scenarios. The cut-in scenario is selected to illustrate logical scenario generation, due to its high frequency occurrence and potential safety impact on road. Specifically, kinematic parameters such as the relative distance and speed between the ego car and the interactive obstacle are used to describe the cut-in scenario. Based on real road test data, linear regression model is applied to fitting parameter space boundaries. Finally, procedure of concrete safety scenario generation is proposed on the basis of the derived parameter space. Experiments show that simulation scenarios generated following the proposed framework have consistent distributions with real-world natural driving scenarios with respect to critical parameters, and are more safety-critical, thus enabling more efficient safety evaluation for autonomous driving system.

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Risk Assessment and Prediction of Car-Following Behavior under Adverse Environmental Conditions

LIU Yong1 , LIU Xueyu 1* , LI Xiang2 , ZHANG Mengting2 , WANG Wenxuan2

2026, 51(3): 7-14. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.002

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To address the deficiencies in existing research regarding vehicle car-following behavior and risk prediction under the combined effect of different environmental factors, this study relies on natural driving data collected from two-lane highways in Norway to systematically evaluate the impacts of precipitation type, precipitation intensity, road surface conditions, and lighting conditions on microscopic driving behavior. It establishes a four-level car-following risk classification system with time-to-collision as the core indicator, and employs multiple machine learning models for risk prediction to explore the improvement effect of environmental features on model performance. The results show that with the deterioration of environmental factors, drivers generally adopt a conservative strategy of reducing vehicle speed; when visibility decreases, drivers shorten the car-following distance to ensure that the preceding vehicle remains within the visual range; and the introduction of various environmental features effectively improves model performance, with a particularly significant enhancement observed in rainy and snowy weather. This study provides data support and model references for dynamic speed limit control and active safety warning in harsh environments.

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Trajectory Planning Method Utilizing Time-Varying Weighted LQR and Quintic Polynomial

YIN Li, ZHAO Mingxin

2026, 51(3): 15-22. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.003

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This study addresses the limitations of traditional fixed-weight linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controllers in intelligent vehicle lateral emergency obstacle avoidance, notably the insufficient suppression of lateral displacement error in the post-avoidance phase and the difficulty in balancing tracking performance throughout the maneuver. A synergistic approach integrating quintic polynomial trajectory planning with a time-varying weighted LQR controller is proposed. Firstly, smooth obstacle-avoidance reference trajectories are generated in the Cartesian frame using quintic polynomials, satisfying continuity constraints on position, velocity, and acceleration at both start and end points. This effectively avoids curvature discontinuity and constrains the peak lateral acceleration (<0.1g). Secondly, a time-varying weighted LQR tracking controller is designed: a lower weight is assigned to lateral displacement error during the initial avoidance phase (t<2 s) to prioritize responsiveness and control smoothness, while a significantly higher weight is applied to lateral displacement error in the later phase (t≥2 s) to force the controller to prioritize suppressing cumulative lateral errors and enhance tracking precision. Validation is conducted on a MATLAB/ Simulink/CarSim co-simulation platform under a typical pedestrian avoidance scenario. Results demonstrate significant improvements over the fixed-weight LQR: The proposed method reduces the peak lateral displacement error from>0.5 m to<0.2 m (reduction>60%) and effectively suppresses the drift trend of ey accumulation in the later stage; The peak yaw angle error is reduced from>0.05 rad to<0.02 rad (reduction>60%); The peak lateral acceleration remains stably below 0.1g. The synergy between smooth trajectory generation and dynamic controller weighting adjustment significantly enhances both safety (ensuring safe distance) and comfort (smooth control) during emergency obstacle avoidance, providing an effective solution for intelligent vehicle dynamic obstacle avoidance control.

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Multi-Mode and Multi-Objective Coordinated Control of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles with By-Wire Chassis

MENG Zhaoxia1 , SU Yongjie2 , YANG Zijiang1 , CHEN Guoxu 1 , BAO Haoran2 , SHAO Liang2

2026, 51(3): 23-30. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.004

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Distributed drive electric vehicles need to meet the requirements of low tire wear, fast steering response and good vehicle stability at low, medium and high speeds respectively, while also taking into account the influence of different road adhesion coefficients. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-mode and multi-objective coordinated control method based on driving condition recognition. This method divides the vehicle operating conditions into low, medium and high speed modes based on vehicle speed and road adhesion coefficient, and designs corresponding control strategies for each mode. Simulation verification based on CarSim shows that the control strategy can effectively improve the multi-objective coordinated control effect under low, medium and high speed conditions.

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Research on the Design of an Controller System for Vehicle-Mounted Cadmium-Telluride Integration

QING Peng1 , CHEN Zhen1 , HUANG Zhang1 , SHUAI Xiang2 , QING Xiuping1 , YUAN Sheng1*, HUANG Junke1

2026, 51(3): 31-35. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.005

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In recent years, the development of new energy vehicles has been rapid. However, in the overall development of the market, charging station supplementary power remains the primary method, which is significantly constrained by the uneven development of charging stations, leading to the "range anxiety" issue. Therefore, new energy vehicles users have a strong demand for diverse range options. The article applies the engineering technology of building tntegrated photovoltaics to vehicle range. Focusing on the functional and demand characteristics of vehicle-mounted photovoltaic power generation, it proposes an integrated vehicular design for cadmium-telluride power generation glass. Combined with a standardized vehicle power battery system, the study investigates the design scheme of a modularized dedicated controller for cadmium-telluride and completes the development of an engineering prototype along with simulation testing. The results indicate that under standard illumination conditions, the average power generation efficiency of the system reaches 14.07%, and the prototype's power generation efficiency can also achieve the nominal conversion rate of the cadmium-telluride power generation glass. This research provides new ideas and methods for vehicle range and promotes the technological development in this field.

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Research on Modeling Methods and Influencing Factors of CTP Battery Pack

WU Bao, MA Lei, WEI Peng, LÜ Xixiang

2026, 51(3): 36-40,73. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.006

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The CTP (cell to pack) battery system integrates individual cells directly onto the housing using adhesive, eliminating the need for module structures and bolt fastening methods compared to traditional modular battery systems. Therefore, the traditional battery pack modeling approach, which treats individual cells as homogeneous equivalent structures, is not applicable in CTP modeling. To enhance the simulation accuracy of CTP battery packs, this study designs a small-scale CTP battery pack for frequency sweep experiments. Based on the experimental frequency sweep results, the detailed modeling takes into account the internal structure and connection relationships of the battery cell. When the elastic modulus of the winding core is set to 50 MPa, the simulation mode achieves the highest consistency with the experimental results. Additionally, factors such as moduleside adhesive overflow, large-area back adhesive of the cells, and module pressure strips are investigated for their impact on battery pack stiffness. The findings indicate that side adhesive overflow and pressure strips can effectively improve the stiffness of the battery pack, while the large-area back adhesive of the cells has a relatively minor effect on stiffness.

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A Load Estimation Model Based on Genetic Algorithm BP Neural Network

SU Songlin1 , ZHAO Shuang1 , YANG Xujie1 , HE Wenhao1 , ZHANG Hao2

2026, 51(3): 41-44. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.007

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The load fluctuation range of battery electric commercial vehicles is large, and directly applying the control strategies for passenger vehicles fails to ensure the control effect. This paper proposes a software model based load estimation method. The load estimation model adopts an error back propagation (BP) neural network optimized by a genetic algorithm, with vehicle speed, acceleration, torque and ramp signals as input parameters, among which the ramp signals are collected by a gyroscope, and the output is the estimated value of the total vehicle mass. After training with big data, the model parameters are frozen and then integrated into the application layer model of the vehicle control unit (VCU), and the average estimation accuracy of the model reaches 2.9%. This method realizes the function by means of software, conforms to the mainstream development concept of "software-defined vehicles", and effectively reduces the overall vehicle cost while achieving the same function.

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Research on Closed-Loop Control of Torque Limit for Pure Electric Vehicle Motors

WANG Jiahui1 , XU Hongda2 , CHEN Long2

2026, 51(3): 45-49. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.008

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To address the overcharge and over-discharge problems of power batteries in battery electric vehicles, this paper proposes a closed-loop control method for motor torque limits based on the calculation of real-time motor efficiency and current ratio. Combined with the vehicle energy management architecture, it analyzes the energy distribution and limiting logic under the two operating conditions of motor driving and motor braking. A model of the vehicle energy management and closed-loop control strategy for torque limits is established via Simulink, and the control logic is flashed into the vehicle control unit by means of code generation and flashing tools for real vehicle tests. The results show that when the charge-discharge capacity of the power battery is pre-treated to the designed minimum value and the full-throttle driving and full-brake braking performance tests are conducted, the motor torque can dynamically track the limit value, and no overcharge or over-discharge fault occurs in the power battery.

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Performance Analysis and Lightweight Design for Truck Frame

TANG Jie, WANG Liansheng* , YANG Liusong

2026, 51(3): 50-54. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.009

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To reduce the mass of a truck frame while ensuring its service performance, a finite element model is first established for the frame's static analysis under four working conditions and modal analysis. Then, according to the finite element analysis results, parameters with great lightweight potential including the crossbeam hole diameter and the upper and lower flange lengths of the longitudinal beam are selected for parametric modeling and orthogonal tests. The results show that the upper flange length of the longitudinal beam has the most significant influence on the service performance of the frame, and the influence trends of various parameters on the frame performance are clarified. Finally, the response surface method is adopted for multi-objective optimization, achieving a 5.22% reduction in the frame mass while satisfying the service performance requirements.

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Design and Simulation of Adjustable Energy-Saving Robotic Arm for Excavators

LI Ze1 , GUO Hongrui1 , GAO Jianhao1 , WANG Wenxuan2 , ZHAO Mingyu 1 , YANG Xiaoming1*

2026, 51(3): 55-61. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.010

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The objective of this paper is to address the challenges posed by the elevated energy consumption and carbon emissions of hydraulic excavators. To this end, a novel adjustable energy-saving robotic arm has been designed. This robotic arm is based on the principle of leverage, and its structure has been innovatively designed through the use of three-dimensional modeling software. The design incorporates a telescopic counterweight device, and it has been developed to reduce the demand for driving force of the hydraulic cylinder by leveraging the torque balance relationship. The analysis indicates that when the telescopic counterweight device is extended by 400 mm and the counterweight is set at 400 kg, a substantial energy savings is achieved, with a maximum force reduction of 10.673% (base load of 20 000 N) and a maximum daily fuel savings of 3.34 L. Static and dynamic analyses based on ANSYS Workbench demonstrate that the maximum equivalent force is lower than the permissible value under the ultimate working condition. This verifies the stability and load-bearing capacity of the structure under the influence of static load and inertia force. Furthermore, it provides a new solution for the energy-saving design of construction machinery.

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Design for Intelligent Lighting Projection Lens Based on Achromatic Prism

HUANG Hui

2026, 51(3): 62-67,97. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.011

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In order to achieve efficient and uniform road lighting, an intelligent lighting projection lens design technique based on achromatic prisms is proposed in this paper. Using prism deformation function, the vertical axis perspective of the body is compressed to a certain extent, transforming the circular input light into an elliptical output light. The pixel size of the display unit is reasonably and effectively utilized. By changing the rotation angles and positions of the two achromatic prisms, a projection with a continuously variable compression ratio can be achieved. The viewing angle requirements for the meridional and sagittal planes in road lighting are meet by utilizing a combination of projection lens systems with different compression ratios. This provides an effective way to achieve efficient interactive road lighting.

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Research on Durability and Reliability Target Setting Regarding to Market-Oriented

HOU Jiazhen

2026, 51(3): 68-73. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.012

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Reliability and durability are key metrics defining automotive product competitiveness. Establishing a market-oriented target-setting system for reliability and durability, providing a methodological reference for reliability and durability development objectives definition. The methodology is based on reliability and durability foundations, reliability and durability metrics target established metrics, the stress-strength interference model, B10 life, and the bathtub curve of product failure rate over the entire life cycle. It introduces a statistically-integrated linear regression attribute model for reliability target prediction. By utilizing after-sales market data analysis and explicitly accounting for the impact of new technologies, new platforms, and new equipment on the reliability target of incidents per thousand vehicles (IPTV) during actual product development, a comprehensive process and methodology for establishing reliability and durability targets IPTV based on market after-sales data is formulated. Through a case study using an enterprise's after-sales data, practical results demonstrate that the final next three-year reliability IPTV target is set at 58.5. This represents a 21% improvement in reliability-driven product competitiveness compared to the current level. This target effectively balances the requirements for enhanced product competitiveness with development cost control imperatives.

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Research on the Control Strategy of P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engine during Starting Process

YANG Bo

2026, 51(3): 74-79. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.013

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In the P2 hybrid system, challenges related to vehicle ride comfort and starter motor durability arise during engine startup. To achieve this objective, a research project is conducted focusing on the control strategy for the starting process of P2 hybrid vehicles. The underlying principle is to ensure the smooth operation of the entire vehicle while also considering the longevity of the starter. To address these issues, in unconventional operating conditions where the power demand is high or the engine starting system malfunctions, the engine is started by the starter. Under normal operating conditions, a novel strategy has been proposed. This strategy involves starting the engine while shifting gears, which is achieved through the integration of vehicle control unit (VCU) and transmission control unit (TCU) technologies. When the TCU receives the engine start request from the VCU, it executes this request in accordance with the shift process. Ultimately, based on this strategy, it generates code through Simulink modeling and uploads it to the vehicle controller for real-world testing and verification. Experimental results demonstrate the entire engine starting process not only prevents noticeable power interruption but also ensures satisfactory driving smoothness. Since its introduction, this strategy has been widely adopted in mass produced vehicle models, this holds significant engineering value for research in engine starting technology.

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Research on Vehicle ECU Software Integration Testing Methods Based on Testbed

LU Guoguang, ZHOU Xiaoqing, LIU Yu, ZHU Changjiu, PENG Jiajia

2026, 51(3): 80-85. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.014

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Conducting code-level integration testing in the early stage of software development can help identify and fix potential errors and defects early on, reducing the cost of later fixes. ISO 26262 requires software testing based on requirements, but in current vehicle software integration testing, more attention is paid to code structure coverage, lacking verification of software requirements and functions. This paper proposes a new software integration testing method based on the Testbed tool. Through functional decomposition, thread division, call path analysis, and design parameters, it completes the design of use cases based on requirements, ensuring 100% coverage and traceability of software requirements. Additionally, to further cover special operating conditions of the system, a method of variable parameter loop execution of use cases is proposed. By monitoring the paths and statements executed multiple times during the execution of use cases, fault injection testing is achieved at the code level. Finally, this method is verified on the software of a vehicle trailer controller, and the results show that it has strong practicality and efficiency.

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Wind Resistance Optimization Analysis of a Pure Electric Sedan

LIU Hongling, WANG Yuxin, PENG Jianghua, TANG Jie, WU Min

2026, 51(3): 86-92. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.015

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To reduce wind resistance and energy consumption, and to verify the feasibility of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology in engineering development, this paper takes a sedan as the object and uses CFD simulation technology to optimize the aerodynamic kits such as the front and rear wheel wind deflectors, rear wing, wheel cover, active grille shutter (AGS), grille opening, underbody shield, battery side shield, and exterior mirrors. At the same time, based on the simulation results, a limited number of schemes are selected for wind tunnel tests for verification. Ultimately, the wind resistance coefficient test result is 0.227, which is 44 counts lower than the original state, achieving a significant reduction in wind resistance.

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Reform of Automotive Parts Modeling and Simulation Processing Curriculum Driven by Industry-Education Integration

FAN Pingqing

2026, 51(3): 93-97. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.016

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Under the backdrop of global automotive industry's shift toward intelligence and electrification, this paper addresses the misalignment between teaching and industrial demands, as well as the weak practical components in Automotive Parts Modeling and Simulation Processing curriculum. Based on the concept of industry-education integration, a systematic curriculum reform has been carried out. In terms of research methodology, deeper collaboration between schools and enterprises has been strengthened, with a focus on building an integrated "3D modeling-simulation manufacturing" teaching system. Innovative measures include the establishment of a mixed industry-academia dual-qualification teaching team, the development of a enterprise real-world case resource library, and the implementation of a "learning-doing-innovating" progressive teaching model. These efforts have achieved a deep integration of theoretical teaching and engineering practice, forming a three-level progressive training path that includes foundational training, comprehensive application, and innovative practice. Additionally, a closed-loop quality assurance mechanism has been established through a diversified quality evaluation system. The results show that the reformed curriculum system significantly enhances students' engineering practical abilities, providing a replicable practical solution for cultivating high-quality engineering talent suited to the digital transformation of the automotive industry, offers important reference value for advancing engineering education reform.

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Innovation in the Cultivation Mechanism of Digital Talent for the Future Automotive Industry from the Perspective of New Quality Productivity

WANG Sha, NI Jinshang, PI Liangen

2026, 51(3): 98-103. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.017

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With the rapid advancement of information technology, the global economy is entering a new era characterized by digitalization, intelligence, and networking, marking the age of new quality productive forces. As the main hub for cultivating technical and skilled talents, higher vocational institutions share an inherent logical relationship with the development of new quality productive forces, where talent cultivation and the evolution of new quality productive forces interact dynamically. Based on the digital transformation trends in the automotive industry under the background of new quality productive forces, this paper systematically analyzes the industry's demand for digital talents, examines the shortcomings of the current talent cultivation system, and proposes innovative pathways for cultivating digital talents oriented toward new quality productive forces. Practice has shown that this approach effectively enhances the teaching quality of the new energy vehicle major, with teaching attainment rates maintained above 95%, competition award ratios reaching 60%, skill certification pass rates achieving 100%, and graduate employment rates consistently staying above 96%. This has realized a deep integration between talent cultivation and the development of new quality productive forces.

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Research on the Teaching Reform Methods for the Automotive Professional Course Based on Artificial Intelligence －Taking Fundamentals of Control Engineering Course as an Example

HUANG Shuang

2026, 51(3): 104-107. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.018

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In the wave of digital transformation in higher education, traditional teaching methods are difficult to mobilize students' learning enthusiasm in the face of the impact of massive information and the challenge of rapid knowledge change. The automotive major course Fundamentals of Control Engineering currently lacks diversified modern teaching methods, knowledge disorder, and fails to fully reflect the latest development trends and cutting-edge technologies. By utilizing the course knowledge graph and digital experimental platform, combined with artificial intelligence (AI) tools,the course content is reformed to form a self-exploration based full process practical course. High quality course ideological and political materials are searched throughout the network to stimulate students' thirst for knowledge and exploration, and to cultivate their ability to explore new technologies. After curriculum reform, student satisfaction with teaching evaluation has significantly increased, and the number of students participating in competitions has significantly increased. This course reform plan provides new ideas for the deep integration of artificial intelligence technology and science and engineering courses.

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Exploration and Practice of Constructing High-Quality Graduate Course in Transportation Information Engineering

LIU Xiaofeng

2026, 51(3): 108-112. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.019

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With the rapid development of the intelligent transportation and intelligent connected vehicle industries, higher demands have been placed on the engineering application capabilities of postgraduate students. In response to the existing problems in the current traffic information engineering postgraduate courses, such as incomplete knowledge structure systems, outdated teaching content, insufficient training of engineering application abilities, and relatively monotonous teaching and assessment methods, this article integrates the outcome based education (OBE) teaching concept and conducts reform practices in aspects like optimizing the knowledge structure system,updating teaching content, setting up case teaching, and reforming assessment methods. Research shows that the average examination scores of students have increased, and the proportion of students participating in scientific and technological innovation competitions has increased by 50%, improving the teaching quality of traffic information engineering courses and promoting the enhancement of postgraduate students' engineering practice and scientific and technological innovation capabilities.

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Reform of Multi-Index Assessment System for Automobile Electrical Equipment and Electronic Technology Based on Engineering Certification System

LI Zhi

2026, 51(3): 113-117. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.020

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With the deepening of the concept of "student-centered, outcome oriented, and continuous improvement" in engineering education certification, the traditional course assessment model based on paper exams is no longer able to meet the needs of cultivating composite talents in the field of vehicle engineering. This paper takes the graduation requirements of engineering certification as the benchmark, constructs a multi-dimensional indicator assessment system covering knowledge, ability, and quality, proposes a dynamic mapping model between course objectives and assessment indicators, and the effectiveness of the course is verified by the practical case of Automotive Electrical and Electronic Technology in the vehicle engineering major of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology. After the reform, students' engineering practice ability has been improved, and the correlation between course objectives and graduation requirements has become higher. The average score of students' courses has increased from 84.57 to 88.08, and the graduation employment rate has increased by 16.24%, achieving good results and providing reference for the reform of the assessment system of similar professional courses.

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As a strategic direction for the transformation and upgrading of the automotive industry, intelligent and connected vehicles (ICV) have presented new challenges to professional talent development. To address the inherent bottlenecks in traditional ICV education-including high costs, safety risks, organizational complexities, and reproducibility issues-this study implements a threetier progressive teaching framework of "theoretical cognition-virtual verification-real-vehicle application" under the guidance of a "virtual simulation+online/offline hybrid" instructional philosophy. The teaching effectiveness is systematically evaluated through questionnaire surveys and experimental research methods. Results demonstrate that this framework significantly enhances the educational quality of ICV technology courses, thereby establishing an innovative pathway for cultivating high-caliber professionals in the field of intelligent and connected vehicle technology.

SUN Lisha

2026, 51(3): 118-124. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.021

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As a strategic direction for the transformation and upgrading of the automotive industry, intelligent and connected vehicles (ICV) have presented new challenges to professional talent development. To address the inherent bottlenecks in traditional ICV education-including high costs, safety risks, organizational complexities, and reproducibility issues-this study implements a threetier progressive teaching framework of "theoretical cognition-virtual verification-real-vehicle application" under the guidance of a "virtual simulation+online/offline hybrid" instructional philosophy. The teaching effectiveness is systematically evaluated through questionnaire surveys and experimental research methods. Results demonstrate that this framework significantly enhances the educational quality of ICV technology courses, thereby establishing an innovative pathway for cultivating high-caliber professionals in the field of intelligent and connected vehicle technology.

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Curriculum Teaching Reform and Practice Based on Enterprise Production Realities within the Framework of Industry-Education Integration －Taking the Course of Comprehensive Automotive Fault Diagnosis as an Example

ZHANG Jilong

2026, 51(3): 125-129152. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.022

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To address issues within core automotive inspection and maintenance course teaching– including disconnect between curriculum and industrial practice, outdated teaching methods, inadequate assessment systems, insufficient practical training equipment, low student engagement, and non-standardised practical operations, this paper proposes a dual-classroom teaching model for the Comprehensive Automotive Fault Diagnosis course under industry-education integration. Through enterprise research, teaching content is restructured based on industrial production realities. The dual-classroom model is holistically designed to enhance students' skills and professional competence. The primary classroom, conducted on campus, focuses on theoretical instruction, foundational technical training, and cultivating professional ethics. The secondary classroom conducts hands-on training at enterprises, honing students' core professional competencies and workplace ethics. Practical application of this curriculum has significantly enhanced students' learning motivation and skill proficiency. This teaching model, aligned with industry demands, offers valuable insights for implementing industry-education integration in automotive programmes at vocational institutions.

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Research on Policy-Driven Evolution and High-Quality Development Pathways of China's Lithium Battery Industry Chain

ZHANG Jie1 , ZHAO Wentao2 , HU Shuzhen1* , TIAN Yongsheng1

2026, 51(3): 130-117. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.023

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The rapid development of the lithium-ion battery industry chain is inseparable from the support of national policies. This paper organizes the policies related to the lithium battery industry chain published in China since 2012, classifies the policies according to their content and system; it reviews the problems faced at each stage of the industry chain development in conjunction with the development status of the lithium battery industry chain, and interprets the impact of the release of relevant policies on the development of the lithium battery industry chain; in response to the current problems existing in the lithium battery industry chain, suggestions for the formulation of future related policies are put forward, aiming to provide references and lessons for further optimizing policy guidance and promoting coordinated development of the industry chain, and to provide experience and enlightenment for the development of other countries and regions in the field of lithium battery.

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Analysis and Research on Bidirectional Traveling Transport Vehicles in Intelligent Mines

LI Laiping1 , WANG Feiyu 1 , ZHANG Yaobin1 , WANG Fengquan1 , SUN Zhibo2 , ZHAO Xinxin2*

2026, 51(3): 138-147. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.024

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As a core equipment of modern mining technology, intelligent mining haulage vehicles are rapidly advancing toward automation, intelligence, environmental sustainability, and high efficiency. This paper aims to explore the advantages of bidirectional intelligent mining vehicles in structural design, path planning, and efficiency optimization, analyzing their application potential in smart mines. It reviews the research status and development trends of intelligent mining haulage vehicles both domestically and internationally, with a focus on key technologies such as autonomous driving, new energy propulsion, and novel intelligent mining transport vehicles. Furthermore, based on the MATLAB/Simulink and TruckSim co-simulation platform, a dynamic model of a bidirectional distributed-drive haulage vehicle is established, and its performance is evaluated and analyzed under typical cyclic operating conditions. The research results demonstrate that bidirectional mining vehicles, leveraging their structural symmetry, all-wheel steering design, and distributed drive technology, significantly enhance path planning flexibility and transport efficiency. Compared to traditional unidirectional mining trucks, they can reduce ineffective travel distance, lower energy consumption costs, and improve safety in complex environments. Additionally, the deep integration of intelligent connected technology and new energy propulsion further advances the mining transportation industry toward the goal of "zero emissions, zero accidents, and zero failures" contributing to the global transition toward greener and smarter mining practices.

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Analysis and Research on Hybrid-Dedicated Transmissions

TANG Zhaorong

2026, 51(3): 148-152. DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.003.025

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Extended-range hybrid electric vehicles with range extenders as the core and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles equipped with 1-speed, 2-speed and 3-speed hybrid-dedicated transmissions both maintain rapid growth in the current market. This paper conducts a comparative study on hybrid-dedicated transmissions from the perspectives of structural characteristics, fuel economy, power performance, cost, and engine noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). The results show that range extenders feature excellent engine NVH performance but relatively high fuel consumption, thus being suitable for hybrid electric vehicles with long all-electric driving ranges; 1-speed hybrid systems have the most balanced comprehensive performance and can adapt to hybrid electric vehicles with different all-electric driving ranges; 2-speed and 3-speed hybrid-dedicated transmissions have better fuel economy and power performance, and this advantage is more likely to be highlighted in hybrid electric vehicles with short all-electric driving ranges; 3-speed hybriddedicated transmissions deliver stronger power output in parallel mode, which is also critical for high-performance hybrid electric vehicles. Carrying out platform planning of hybrid-dedicated transmissions in combination with vehicle positioning has important reference value.

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