Abstract: To establish a comprehensive reliability design theory and implementation scheme for low-voltage electrical systems in autonomous vehicles, addressing the challenges of high system complexity and failure risks to ensure safe and stable operation. Through analyzing the layered architectural characteristics of low-voltage electrical systems, multi-dimensional reliability design methods including power supply redundancy, sensor fault tolerance, electronic control unit (ECU) backup, and actuator protection are adopted to construct a multi-level fault-tolerant system covering perception, network, decision, and execution layers. The system achieves a mean time between failures of 100 000 hours, safety failure rate reduced to 10-8 per hour, dual-processor fault detection time controlled within 10 ms, system switching time not exceeding 50 ms, and voltage stability reaching ±2%. The multi-level reliability design scheme significantly enhances the fault tolerance capability and overall safety of autonomous vehicle low-voltage electrical systems, providing important theoretical support and engineering guidance for the commercialization of autonomous driving technology.

Key words: autonomous driving; low-voltage electrical system; reliability design; redundancy technology; fault-tolerant control

摘要： 针对自动驾驶汽车低压电气系统复杂度高、故障风险大的问题，建立完善的可靠性设 计理论和实施方案，确保自动驾驶车辆的安全稳定运行。通过分析自动驾驶低压电气系统的 分层架构特征，采用供电冗余、传感器容错、电子控制单元（ECU）备份、执行器保护等多 维度可靠性设计方法，构建涵盖感知层、网络层、决策层和执行层的多层次容错体系。系统 平均故障间隔时间达到 10 万小时，安全故障率降至每小时 10-8，双处理器故障检测时间控制 在 10 ms 以内，系统切换时间不超过 50 ms，电压稳定度达到±2%。多层次可靠性设计方案 能够显著提升自动驾驶低压电气系统的容错能力和整体安全性，为自动驾驶技术的商业化应 用提供了重要的理论支撑和工程指导。

关键词: 自动驾驶；低压电气系统；可靠性设计；冗余技术；容错控制