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15 August 2026, Volume 51 Issue 15 Previous Issue   
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New Energy Vehicle
Design and Research
Testing and Experiment
Process·Materials
Automobile Education
Standards·Regulations·Management


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New Energy Vehicle

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Research on energy consumption optimization of battery electric commercial vehicles based on adaptive load identification algorithm WANG Pengxiang, CHEN Nuo, GAO Yuxiang, WANG Jiawei, BAI Xiang 2026, 51(15): 1-9.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1330KB) ( )   As environmental protection and emission requirements become increasingly stringent, power batteries are gradually replacing internal combustion engines as the power source for a growing number of commercial vehicles. Compared with passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles have a wider range of load variations. To further improve the economic performance of battery electric commercial vehicles, it is necessary to develop an energy management algorithm. Therefore, an adaptive energy management algorithm suitable for battery electric commercial vehicles is proposed. First, based on the vehicle driving equation, a variable forgetting factor recursive least squares algorithm is introduced to estimate the vehicle mass, and the estimation results are corrected in combination with the driving cycle characteristics of battery electric commercial vehicles. Second, based on the mass estimation results, an adaptive energy management algorithm is proposed, which adapts to the economic requirements under different load conditions during vehicle operation. Finally, verification is conducted through the MATLAB-Cruise co-simulation platform and actual vehicle tests. The test results show that for a light-duty electric truck, the corrected vehicle mass estimation error is less than 10%, and the adaptive energy management algorithm can improve vehicle economy by more than 3.6%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study on the influence of refrigerants R134a and R1234yf on air conditioning performance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles SHAO Chao 2026, 51(15): 10-15,48.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1579KB) ( )   With the implementation of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the automotive air conditioning industry is facing the challenge of accelerating the transition from high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants to low-GWP alternatives. R134a (GWP=1 300), as the current mainstream refrigerant, will be prohibited from use in air conditioning systems of M1- category vehicles for new applications for announcement in China starting from July 2029. R1234yf, with its extremely low GWP (<1), has emerged as the most promising substitute. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), characterized by complex powertrain systems and diverse thermal management requirements, imposes higher demands on air conditioning performance. This paper establishes a one-dimensional model of a PHEV air conditioning system based on the AMESim platform, systematically comparing the cooling performance, coefficient of performance (COP), energy consumption, and cooling effects of R134a and R1234yf under various operating conditions. Additionally, the improvement effects of incorporating an internal heat exchanger (IHX) and optimizing the thermal expansion valve on R1234yf system performance are analyzed, providing a theoretical basis for the selection of environmentally friendly refrigerants and engineering optimization of PHEV air conditioning systems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of liquid cooling flow channel and thermal management performance improvement for power batteries JIAO Yang, LI Xiaoyang 2026, 51(15): 16-21.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (2960KB) ( )   To address the common industry challenges of poor temperature uniformity and insufficient low-temperature heating efficiency of platformized power battery packs for battery electric vehicles under wide-temperature-range operating conditions, this paper takes a 145.4 Ah ternary lithium battery pack as the research object, proposes a collaborative optimization method of inlet/outlet structure and flow channel topology, and systematically conducts forward design and full-process verification of the liquid cooling thermal management system. By optimizing the nozzle inner diameter and adding a buffer structure, the flow resistance of the liquid cooling plate at 20 L/min is reduced from 74.95 kPa to 44.97 kPa; by adopting the topology optimization of branch series connection and water blocking bend, the flow unevenness of parallel branches is controlled within 10%. The test results show that the maximum temperature difference of the battery cells during 2.4C fast charging at 25 ℃ is 6 ℃; the average temperature rise rate of the battery cells at -20℃ reaches 0.7 ℃/min, and the maximum heating temperature difference is ≤7 ℃. The platformized liquid cooling system development method formed in this study has a simulation and test error of less than 6%, which can provide a complete technical route and engineering reference for the mass production of similar products. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism analysis and collaborative optimization of abnormal noise for range extender during hot idle power generation TIAN Wangqing, FAN Ximin* , LI Kai, WANG Guogang 2026, 51(15): 22-28.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1215KB) ( )   Aiming at the prevalent knocking abnormal noise issue of the transmission system under hot-idle charging condition of extended-range electric vehicles, this paper conducts researches on abnormal noise mechanism analysis, identification of key influencing factors and multi-dimensional collaborative optimization based on electromechanical coupling characteristics. Different from the traditional single-dimensional optimization idea, this paper constructs a systematic optimization framework of "mechanism modeling–factor identification–collaborative regulation". The core innovation lies in revealing the internal correlation of "engine combustion fluctuation–transmission system torsional vibration–noise radiation" under the action of electromechanical coupling, and proposing a three-in-one optimization strategy of "combustion stability regulation+electromechanical collaborative compensation+transmission damping matching": improving the uniformity of engine combustion through refined calibration of ignition parameters, realizing active offset of torque fluctuation by means of adaptive gain control of the generator control unit (GCU), and weakening fluctuation transmission by matching the damping characteristics of the dual mass flywheel (DMF). Vehicle test results show that the multi-dimensional collaborative strategy can reduce the amplitude of transmission system speed fluctuation by more than 65%, control the torque fluctuation within ±1.5 Nm, and reduce the subjective evaluation value of knocking noise from 4.2 to 1.8, which fully meets the vehicle noise, vibration, harshness (NVH) design standard. The research results not only solve the noise problem of the target vehicle, but also establish a general optimization method for the noise of the range extender electromechanical coupling system, providing a new theoretical support and engineering paradigm for the improvement of NVH performance of similar hybrid vehicles under low-speed and low-load conditions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Torque balance control for dual motors in vehicle applications ZHANG Bo, SUN Junmin, XU Xiuni, LIU Chengfa 2026, 51(15): 29-34.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (912KB) ( )   With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, dual-motor and multi-motor drive architectures have become mainstream technical solutions to improve power performance, handling stability and transmission efficiency of vehicles. The torque imbalance of dual motors on the same drive axle will directly lead to problems such as vehicle driving deviation, intensified transmission system shock, uneven tire wear and reduced driving safety. Aiming at the current situation that most dual-motor torque control adopts static average distribution method with insufficient dynamic synchronization performance, this paper takes the wheel-side/hub dual-motor drive system as the research object, establishes the mathematical model and dynamic equation of permanent magnet synchronous motor, and proposes a dynamic torque balance control strategy based on the maximum torque method. Without adding torque sensors, this strategy obtains motor acceleration through differential speed signals, indirectly estimates actual torque differences, performs dynamic compensation based on the maximum acceleration value, and quickly corrects dual-motor output deviations. A simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the parameter differences caused by motor manufacturing discreteness, and the control effects of average torque method and maximum torque method are compared. The results show that the proposed strategy can suppress the torque deviation on a millisecond time scale, keep the dual-motor output highly synchronized, and its balance accuracy and response speed are significantly better than traditional methods. The research results can provide core algorithm support for torque cooperative management of dual-motor driven electric vehicles, and have important engineering application value for improving vehicle ride comfort, reliability and safety. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The box structure design of commercial vehicle battery system based on ANSYS DENG Huacai, ZENG Xinyi 2026, 51(15): 35-41.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (1497KB) ( )   The battery system is the core of the power of electric vehicles, directly determining the vehicle's power and safety performance, and is of great significance to the development of the new energy vehicle industry. The electrification modification of traditional fuel vehicles generally has problems such as irregular battery box structure, insufficient strength and poor universality. Forward development can effectively avoid the above defects. This paper takes the microplanar commercial vehicle power battery box as the research object, aiming to achieve standardized and platform-based design of the box and improve its comprehensive performance. Based on the available space of the entire vehicle, the internal layout is optimized and the protection and structural reinforcement design is completed. Mechanical simulation is carried out using ANSYS. The results show that the rated load of the box is 280 kg and the maximum load is ≤300 kg, meeting the IP67 protection requirements. The maximum stress of random vibration is 70.12 MPa and the maximum stress of mechanical shock is 339.15 MPa. The strength of each key component complies with the GB 38031－2020 standard.This research can provide a reference for the forward development and standardized design of battery boxes for commercial vehicles. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on active cooling system and control method for permanent magnet synchronous motor based on multimodal coupling LI Wanping, ZHOU Yingshuang, HE Zhiliang, WANG Long 2026, 51(15): 42-48.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (3292KB) ( )   To address the significant temperature rise of permanent magnet synchronous motors under high power density, which affects performance and service life, this study aims to develop an efficient thermal management system. An active cooling system based on multimodal coupling is proposed. The design includes: a three-layer composite cooling structure for the stator consisting of a "nanoporous ceramic thermal conductive layer–graphene-based phase change material–microchannel liquid cooling plate"; a dual-path cooling scheme for the rotor using "axial oil channel–radial spray"; and an intelligent control system based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to achieve multi-parameter coordination and dynamic flow distribution. Experimental results show that compared with conventional liquid cooling systems, this solution reduces the temperature rise of the stator and rotor by 41.7% and 43.5%, respectively, decreases system power consumption by 50.6%, and increases power density to 6.8 kW/kg. This research provides an effective technical pathway for improving the thermal management efficiency of electric drive systems in battery electric vehicles, extending driving range, and reducing overall vehicle costs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Design and Research

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Research on the estimation method of weight of hybrid commercial vehicle ZHANG Dexian, SUN Yu, LI Chaohui 2026, 51(15): 49-55，66.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (1399KB) ( )   Vehicle weight is a key parameter for the effective implementation of the powertrain control strategy in hybrid commercial vehicle, and its estimation accuracy significantly impacts overall fuel economy and ride comfort. The real-time varying driving resistance plays a critical role in the accuracy of vehicle weight estimation, and accurately calculating the dynamic driving resistance is highly challenging. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for estimating vehicle weight without directly computing the dynamic driving resistance. Focusing on a heavy-duty hybrid truck equipped with an 8-speed dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT), a dynamic analysis of the vehicle's shifting process is first conducted, and a mechanical model of the driving system is established to represent both the driving force and dynamic driving resistance. Subsequently, an initial estimation of the vehicle weight is calculated using a continuous iterative optimization approach, and a Kalman filter is applied to refine this initial estimate for convergence. Finally, real vehicle tests are carried out under various loading conditions and multiple real-road scenarios. The results demonstrate that the proposed vehicle weight estimation method can quickly and accurately determine the vehicle weight, with deviations from the actual measured weight consistently remaining within±5%. This approach meets the requirements for the effective implementation of power train control strategies in hybrid commercial vehicle. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Crack failure analysis and structural optimization on a heavy-duty vehicle boarding steps XING Jiqiong, WANG Ting, HE Jiahao, LU Yuzhou 2026, 51(15): 56-60，76.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1929KB) ( )   In response to the batch cracking issues of the boarding steps in a specific heavy-duty commercial vehicle during post-sales service, this work develops a comprehensive methodology for systematic problem localization and verification by integrating multiple quality engineering and modern design analysis tools, including post-sales big data analysis, fishbone diagrams, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, physical bench tests, and computer aided engineering (CAE) simulation. The critical causes are confirmed to be insufficient glass fiber content in the fiberglass of the boarding steps, suboptimal structural design at key locations of the step body, and inadequate strength of the connecting bracket structure. To address these issues, this work proposes an integrated improvement strategy involving material performance enhancement, topological optimization of the step body structure, and strengthening of the bracket's integrated casting. CAE simulations and loading effect tracking validation both demonstrated that the maximum stress at critical locations is reduced by an average of 48.07%, while the post-sales parts per million (PPM) failure rate decreased by 61.88%, thereby effectively improving product reliability and customer satisfaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A low-cost automotive ECU communication testing system for CANoe based on general-purpose CAN devices YING Kai1 , XIE Xiaohan1 , CUI Yuren2 , HE Zhiliang1 , ZHOU Sheng1 2026, 51(15): 61-66.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (3881KB) ( )   The development and testing of the controller area network (CAN) bus between automotive electronic control units (ECU) are accomplished using professional CAN testing equipment. The CANoe software and its dedicated hardware interfaces provided by the German company Vector have essentially become the industry-standard tools. However, the high cost and limited availability of the dedicated hardware restrict their adoption among small-to-medium-sized teams and research institutions. Aiming to this industry challenge, this paper proposes a low-cost CAN communication testing system developed based on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, which enables bidirectional data migration between general-purpose CAN devices and CANoe software through virtual channels. This allows the retention of CANoe's development, simulation, diagnosis, and testing functionalities without relying on Vector's dedicated hardware. Focusing on the performance of the communication testing system in terms of key metrics such as CAN message period stability, frame integrity, throughput, communication latency, and long-term operational reliability, tests were conducted at a baud rate of 500 kbps under varying load ratios and over extended operation periods. Experimental results demonstrate that the system performs comparably to the Vector hardware solution across all metrics, while reducing hardware costs by approximately 60%~80%. This provides a low-cost, accessible, and professional-grade implementation path for CAN bus testing in automotive ECU communication systems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on self-cleaning strategy against sticking fault of electronic oil pump solenoid valve ZHANG Huiting, LIU Xinyu, LIU Peng, DU Chenglei, WANG Ye 2026, 51(15): 67-71.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (2694KB) ( )   Aiming at engine startup failure and low oil pressure faults induced by sticking of the electronic oil pump (EOP) solenoid valve in hybrid vehicle range-extender systems, this paper proposes a multi-scene collaborative self-cleaning control strategy for the solenoid valve. By analyzing various vehicle operating conditions and taking vehicle speed, power supply voltage and temperature as constraint boundaries, the strategy drives the oil pump solenoid valve through adjustable high-frequency duty-cycle signals. Four coordinated control schemes covering daily prevention, startup guarantee, shutdown maintenance and fault emergency response are formulated. The proposed method overcomes the limitations of traditional maintenance relying on component disassembly, and has important engineering value for improving the operational reliability and safety of range-extended hybrid systems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of modal sensitivity analysis in the lightweight design of new energy commercial vehicles ZHANG Jinhuan1 , YAO Mangrong1 , ZHANG Wu2 , MA Zhao2 , TIAN Yuan2 2026, 51(15): 72-76.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1793KB) ( )   Aiming at the problems of high energy consumption and limited load capacity caused by the heavy weight of traction battery frames, this paper proposes a lightweight design method. Through modal sensitivity analysis, this study achieves a 20% reduction in the frame's self-weight while maintaining its strength and performance, by adjusting the thickness of the main structural components. This lightweight method provides an efficient solution for the lightweight design of new energy commercial vehicles, and is of great significance for enhancing their economic efficiency and market competitiveness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation analysis and optimization of the steering front axle housing for wheel cranes ZHAO Dan, DU Bingyan, ZHOU Yang, ZHANG Chuan, ZHAO Xiaoheng, ZHANG Ning 2026, 51(15): 77-80,86.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (1436KB) ( )   As special vehicles integrating heavy-duty transportation and precision operation functions, wheeled cranes impose extremely strict performance requirements on steer front axles, which directly determine the safety, mobility and operation stability of the whole vehicle. Combining simulation and optimization methods, this paper first carries out multi-working-condition simulation analysis on the tailor-welded front axle housing designed for a certain crane to evaluate the structural strength performance, and assesses the design feasibility and potential risks based on the analysis results. Optimization design is then conducted from multiple perspectives including scheme layout, forming process, weight and cost. Finally, sample fabrication, bench tests and vehicle-mounted verification are implemented for the optimized scheme, followed by a 100 000 km reliability road test. It can be concluded that applying simulation analysis and optimization methods in the conceptual design stage of crane front axle housings can not only enhance the reliability and improve the forming process of front axle housings to realize weight reduction and cost cutting, but also greatly boost design efficiency and extend the fatigue life of front axle housings. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Testing and Experiment

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Comparative study on simulation and test of lubrication system of a series gasoline engine LI Hongshuang, WANG Jialun, ZHOU Zhengqun, ZHAO Yanhong, TIAN Fang 2026, 51(15): 81-86.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1428KB) ( )   This paper conducts a comparative study of simulation and testing for oil pump selection and oil pressure distribution of lubricated components in the lubrication system of a series gasoline engine. A one-dimensional simulation model is established via Flowmaster software based on a hybrid engine model. The discrepancies between simulation and test results during the application of variable displacement oil pumps are compared and analyzed. The simulation model is optimized with test data to further discuss the shift from variable displacement to fixed displacement oil pumps when developing a direct-drive engine model derived from the hybrid model, as well as the oil pressure distribution after removing partial components. The results demonstrate that the revised lubrication system simulation model of the hybrid engine achieves high consistency with test data at an oil temperature of 120 ℃. The simulated oil pressure of the direct-drive engine developed from the hybrid model matches test data well at 120 ℃, while obvious deviations exist under other oil temperature conditions. This indicates that simulation models calibrated for a specific oil temperature carry limitations. The research provides a scientific basis and practical guidance for the optimal design of gasoline engine lubrication systems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on R134a refrigerant pressure model for automotive air conditioning systems HUANG Zhibing, XU Yulan 2026, 51(15): 87-90.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1174KB) ( )   Monitoring refrigerant leakage in automotive air conditioning systems has long been a persistent challenge for the industry. With the widespread adoption of pressure and temperature sensors in automotive thermal management systems, establishing a robust pressure-temperature (P-T) model to meet leakage monitoring requirements has become a pressing issue. This paper focuses on the R134a refrigerant static pressure model. Based on big data, a robust P-T regression model correlating R134a static pressure with ambient temperature is established through data collection, labeling, regression analysis, and the introduction of weighting coefficients. The refrigerant static pressure value (P) fitted by the model is compared with the actual value collected via the controller area network (CAN) bus to serve as the basis for leakage judgment. The optimized model demonstrates excellent robustness, satisfying refrigerant monitoring needs throughout the entire vehicle lifecycle. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Process·Materials

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Improvement of adhesion problems of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite exterior trim LI Mengyao1 , SONG Yanjun1 , ZHANG Liping1 , SUN Hong2 2026, 51(15): 91-96.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1386KB) ( )   In this paper, the systematic adhesion and unqualified quality problems of an automobile exterior trim (glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite) after spraying are systematically analyzed and verified. Through the design single-factor comparison experiment, the primer type, topcoat system and curing process are excluded as the main reasons. It is found that conventional isopropyl alcohol wiping and polypropylene (PP) primer coating agent treatment could not solve this problem, while flame treatment and 400#+600# sandpaper double grinding could significantly improve the adhesion, indicating that there are stubborn pollutants or release agents on the surface of the substrate. Furthermore, by reducing the glass fiber content of the material from 30% to 20% and 25% respectively, it is found that the adhesion pass rate reached 100% under conventional pre-treatment (normal grinding+isopropyl alcohol wiping) (a total of 6 colors and 12 samples are tested). Finally, it is confirmed that the surface heterogeneity of the substrate caused by the high glass fiber content (30%) and the low surface energy are the root causes of adhesion failure. In this study, the final solution to reduce the glass fiber content to 20% is proposed and verified, which achieves stable adhesion and appearance quality under the premise of ensuring the rigidity of the parts, and provides clear data support and technical guidance for the optimization of the coating process of similar high-fill polyolefin parts. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and solutions for tightening failure factors of automotive composite materials ZHANG Yun 2026, 51(15): 97-100.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1377KB) ( )   Due to their advantages such as low density, high strength, corrosion resistance and flexible design, composite materials are increasingly widely used in the manufacturing of automotive parts, which helps to achieve vehicle lightweight and meet diverse appearance and functional requirements. However, it has been found in practical applications that when composite materials are connected by bolts, the torque decay varies due to the different material strengths, posing a challenge to the reliability of threaded connections. This paper focuses on bolted connections of composite materials in automotive assembly, targeting the issue of torque attenuation during the tightening process. It systematically analyzes the influence mechanisms of factors such as material properties, creep effects, and tightening strategies. Based on the single-factor experimental design, the experimental results show that in the connection of composite materials, when the tool speed is reduced from 500 r/min to 10 r/min and distributed tightening is adopted, the residual torque value increases by 33.6%. Furthermore, when retightening is performed after a 5 h interval, the residual torque value increased by an additional 23.2%. Therefore, the strategies of reducing the tool speed, adopting stepwise tightening, and implementing retightening after an interval of more than 5 h prove effective in suppressing torque decay, providing a feasible technical direction for related process optimization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Automobile Education

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Digital twin-enabled curriculum reform path exploration for industryeducation integration －Taking environmental perception system assembly and testing as an example ZHOU Mi1 , ZHANG Jiarui1 , HU Xiong2 2026, 51(15): 101-105,120.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1341KB) ( )   As a core technology in the field of intelligent connected vehicles, environmental perception technology faces challenges in curriculum teaching such as outdated content, high practical training costs, and significant safety risks. Traditional virtual simulation technology, due to its lack of real-time interactivity, struggles to meet the demands of in-depth teaching. To address these issues, this study takes the course Environmental Perception System Assembly and Testing as a carrier, constructs a four-layer architecture model for industry-education integration based on digital twin technology, restructures the teaching content system of "virtual foundational cognitionsemi-physical system debugging", designs a practical training process of "task-driven–virtual pre-simulation–physical verification–iterative optimization", and establishes a school-enterprise co-constructed resource repository along with a multi-dimensional evaluation mechanism. Practice shows that students' course scores improved by 11.8%, and their willingness to participate in practical training increased by 62.5%, providing a referable practical pathway for industry-education integration and curriculum reform. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Teaching reform of automobile body design oriented to applied talent training LIU Jingxing, DING Li, TANG Miao, WU Jinguo, CAO Yuanguo 2026, 51(15): 106-112.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1204KB) ( )   To address the issues of disconnection between theory and practice, lagging knowledge updates behind industrial development, and insufficient cultivation of engineering innovation capabilities in the automobile body design course, this study aims to meet the urgent demand for applied talents in the new energy vehicle industry. This paper integrates the BOPPPS teaching model with the PAD class concept to construct a dual-driven hybrid teaching system of "modular teaching+ curriculum ideology and politics". Firstly, by sorting out the technical integration characteristics of new energy vehicle body design, the course content is restructured into four modules: safety innovation, intelligent interaction, ecological coordination, and humanistic drive. Secondly, a three-stage teaching process of "pre-class industrial cognition–in-class case exploration–post-class practical expansion" is designed, and the engineering transformation of teaching scenarios is realized with the help of the SPOC platform and computer aided engineering (CAE) simulation software. Finally, the ideological and political elements contained in each module are explored to form a collaborative education mechanism. Teaching practice demonstrates that after the reform, students' theoretical scores, engineering feasibility ratings, and the excellent-to-good rate in ideological and political essays improved by 9.8%, 40%, and 23%, respectively, compared to pre-reform levels. Over 90% of students can independently complete the full-process argumentation of "design–simulation– verification" in course design reports. The teaching reform plan proposed in this article can provide reference for the teaching design of application-oriented talent cultivation under the background of new engineering. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the reconstruction of vocational education textbook content based on project-based learning WANG Chunhui, YE Meitao* 2026, 51(15): 113-120.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1207KB) ( )   Rapid technological iteration in the new energy vehicle industry brings common defects to vocational textbooks, such as delayed content updates, fragmented knowledge, and disjointed tasks, which cannot meet the training requirements of comprehensive vocational action competence for technical posts. Based on the systematic work-process curriculum theory, this paper constructs a reconstruction path of project-learning-oriented textbook content, transforming the compiling logic of textbooks from traditional disciplinary knowledge systems to vocational action systems. Taking the New Energy Vehicle Service Engineering major of the university as a case, this paper carries out enterprise investigation, post-task analysis, and textbook status diagnosis, extracts typical work tasks including power battery maintenance, electric drive system assembly & adjustment, and complete vehicle fault diagnosis, and constructs a project-based textbook framework of "typical tasks– knowledge integration–skill chains–action evaluation". Relevant data show that project-based textbooks are obviously superior to traditional textbooks in multiple indicators: the coverage of core "three-electric system" competencies reaches 92%, fault diagnosis accuracy increases by 23.4 percentage points, task completion efficiency rises by 31%, discussion frequency grows by 57%, and practical participation rate rises by 42%. Project-based textbooks restore the real maintenance workflow of new energy vehicles and can significantly improve students' task comprehension, comprehensive fault diagnosis ability, and learning initiative. This research offers a replicable practical scheme for textbook reform of the New Energy Vehicle Service Engineering major and is of great value to promote the transformation of the vocational education textbook system from knowledge-based to competency-based, from disciplinary logic to task logic. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of the construction of the micro-major in intelligent vehicle engineering under the background of industry-education integration SHAO Jun, LIU Jigang, HOU Quanhui, DING Fusheng 2026, 51(15): 121-125.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (1225KB) ( )   With the transformation and upgrading of the automotive industry towards electrification, intelligence, networking, and sharing, the industry's demand for interdisciplinary engineering talents has become increasingly urgent. Industry-education integration has emerged as a key approach to promoting the innovation of talent cultivation models. As a new talent cultivation model, the micro-major, featuring "fewer credits, refined courses, high focus, interdisciplinarity, and flexibility", provides an effective path for universities to quickly respond to industrial changes. Taking the micro-major in intelligent vehicle engineering as an example, based on the analysis of the current status of relevant micro-major construction in China and combined with the practice of the School of Automotive Engineering at Yancheng Institute of Technology, this paper systematically elaborates a set of micro-major construction plans suitable for local application-oriented universities. Centered on the university's target positioning, the plan covers aspects including curriculum system construction, practical teaching system design, "double-qualified" teacher team building, industry-university cooperation mechanisms, and quality assurance, aiming to provide reference for similar universities to carry out micro-major construction and deepen industry-education integration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An exploration into the reconstruction of the course Fault Diagnosis of Hybrid Electric Vehicles TIAN Li 2026, 51(15): 126-130,139.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (1112KB) ( )   With the popularization of the concept of green development, hybrid electric vehicles will occupy an important position in the automotive market for a long period to come. However, the core professional course related to HEVs in vocational colleges–Fault Diagnosis of Hybrid Electric Vehicles–currently faces numerous issues. These include a lack of textbooks, outdated case vehicle models in existing textbooks, and low compatibility of practical training equipment. As a result, the course fails to cultivate technical talents who meet professional standards and job requirements. This paper analyzes the current status and existing problems of the course, demonstrates the necessity of curriculum reconstruction, and explores how to restructure the learning content using the "work process-oriented development paradigm". Through enterprise research, it is summarized that the main tasks of HEV maintenance focus on the repair of inverters, range extenders, and power couplers. Based on the current situation of Baiyin Vocational College of Mining and Metallurgy, these core work tasks are transformed into 3 learning scenarios, 8 learning tasks, and 30 learning points. The paper also conducts a comparative analysis of the teaching effectiveness before and after the curriculum reconstruction, finding that the reconstructed course has achieved a certain improvement in teaching outcomes. This study provides valuable experience for the subsequent development and teaching practice of HEV-related courses in vocational education. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Standards·Regulations·Management

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Optimization of location selection for power battery recycling centers in a stochastic environment LI Wei 2026, 51(15): 131-139.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.023 Abstract ( )   PDF (1939KB) ( )   Considering the uncertainties in battery life distribution, new energy vehicle sales scale, and spatial distribution of recycling demand that affect the location selection of power battery recycling centers, this paper adopts the Weibull life model to depict the battery retirement process and introduces the spatial gravity model to describe the allocation relationship from regions to terminal recycling stations. With the objective of minimizing total transportation costs, a stochastic chance-constrained location model under regional constraints is constructed, and the model is equivalently transformed into a weighted Fermat-Weber problem with regional constraints. The analytical benchmark of the model is obtained through an analytical algorithm, and the optimal solution of the model is obtained through a stochastic simulated genetic algorithm. The case analysis validates the effectiveness of the proposed model, evaluates the convergence behavior and solution accuracy of the stochastic simulated genetic algorithm, and further investigates the effects of confidence level, number of candidate sites, and regional distribution on the location results. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the premium pricing model of natural gas power for heavy-duty commercial vehicles in the long-haul standard load logistics market WAN Yongliang1 , CHEN Shuping1* , LÜ Jiliang1 , CAO Jun2 , SHU Kaihua2 , TIAN Yuan2 , PAN Long2 2026, 51(15): 140-144.  DOI: 10.16638/j.cnki.1671-7988.2026.015.024 Abstract ( )   PDF (1291KB) ( )   As the price gap between diesel and natural gas widens and the advancement and implementation of dual carbon goals proceed, gas power takes up over 70% of the heavy-duty commercial vehicle segment for long-distance rated-load logistics. Serving as the core powertrain, gas engines confront mounting market competition, which brings fresh challenges to automakers in power selection and pricing amid fierce industrial competition. This paper selects the typical segmented market of long-distance rated-load logistics as the research scope and sets gas engines as research subjects. It constructs an analytic hierarchy model for gas engine premiums with five primary indicators including brand, market share, performance, quality and after-sales service as well as nineteen secondary indicators. The analytic hierarchy process-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (AHP-CRITIC) hybrid method calculates weights at all hierarchical levels of the model from field operation and experimental data of sample A, sample B and sample C. The barrel effect is incorporated into the analysis to complete quantitative measurement of premium capacity for gas engines of diverse brands and models. Findings prove that the proposed model delivers scientific assessment of premium performance of gas power, and lays theoretical foundations for gas engine selection, precise market pricing and subsequent product iteration. References | Related Articles | Metrics