关键词: 自动驾驶；低压电气系统；可靠性设计；冗余技术；容错控制

Abstract: To establish a comprehensive reliability design theory and implementation scheme for low-voltage electrical systems in autonomous vehicles, addressing the challenges of high system complexity and failure risks to ensure safe and stable operation. Through analyzing the layered architectural characteristics of low-voltage electrical systems, multi-dimensional reliability design methods including power supply redundancy, sensor fault tolerance, electronic control unit (ECU) backup, and actuator protection are adopted to construct a multi-level fault-tolerant system covering perception, network, decision, and execution layers. The system achieves a mean time between failures of 100 000 hours, safety failure rate reduced to 10-8 per hour, dual-processor fault detection time controlled within 10 ms, system switching time not exceeding 50 ms, and voltage stability reaching ±2%. The multi-level reliability design scheme significantly enhances the fault tolerance capability and overall safety of autonomous vehicle low-voltage electrical systems, providing important theoretical support and engineering guidance for the commercialization of autonomous driving technology.

Key words: autonomous driving; low-voltage electrical system; reliability design; redundancy technology; fault-tolerant control